18-20th March 25

Topic: Changes

change gear – zmienić bieg

change sides – zmienić stronę

change the subject – zmienić temat

change your tune – zmienić zdanie

change your ways – zmienić zachowanie

economic/ political/ social change

dramatic change dramatyczna zmiana

sudden change nagła zmiana

considerable change znaczna zmiana

pleasant change przyjemna zmiana

refreshing change ożywcza zmiana

welcome change oczekiwana zmiana

far-reaching change daleko idąca zmiana

significant change ważna zmiana

sweeping change znaczna zmiana

Verbs

switch

- zmieniać (np. taktykę),

- przechodzić (z jednej strony na drugą),

- przerzucać (się na coś)

- przełączyć (programy, stacje radiowe)

He switched to veganism

alter

- zmieniać

Why would you want to alter your appearance?

- przerabiać (ubranie)

vary

- różnić się

- urozmaicać

You should vary your diet.

adjust to

- dostosować, dopasować

I adjusted my plans to meet her.

I adjust to new places easily.

- regulować

I adjusted the volume of the radio.

transfer

- przenosić się (praca)

I have to transfer to Spain.

- Przekładać (formalnie)

Can we transfer our meeting?

- przelewać pieniądze

convert

- przerabiać (przetwarzać)

I converted a text file into a PDF.

- przewalutować

She converted dollars into euros

amend

- poprawić

The constitution must be amended.

- ulepszać

He wanted to amend his lifestyle.

shift

- przesunąć

He shifted the flower closer to the window.

- wiercić się

Little children tend to shift a lot.

28th Jan 25

Topic: Adverbs of degree.

Gradable adjectives

angry, big, boring, cheap, cold, expensive, frightening, funny, hot, interesting, old, pretty, small, tasty, tired, etc.

Adverbs used with gradable adjectives:

very, extremely, really, fairly, slightly, highly

Non-gradable: absolute adjectives:

acceptable, dead, destroyed, finished, free, impossible, necessary, perfect, ruined, unacceptable

Non-gradable: extreme adjectives:

amazing, ancient, awful, boiling, delicious, enormous, excellent, exhausted, fascinating, freezing, gorgeous, terrible, terrifying, tiny

Adverbs used with non-gradable adjectives

absolutely, completely, entirely, really, totally, utterly

Always possible

Very + gradable adjective

Absolutely + ungradable adjective

Quite

quite tasty – fairy tasty (gradable adj)

quite delicious – absolutely delicious (ungradable adj)

Strong Collocations

Highly intelligent

Completely different

Terribly sorry

Deeply insecure

30the Jan 25

Topic: Adverbs of degree

perfectly clear

perfectly normal

perfectly capable

highly gifted

highly promising

highly talented

fully qualified

fully booked

fully equipped

wholly inappropriate

wholly inadequate

wholly unacceptable

entirely free of charge

entirely different

entirely wrong

utterly ridiculous

utterly opposed

utterly disgraceful

totally unnecessary

totally unexpected

totally independent

bitterly resent

bitterly regret

bitterly oppose

fiercely proud

fiercely ambitious

fiercely loyal

Topic: Modal verbs c1

Might/could (but not may)

- past possibility which didn’t happen

We could/might have won the game but Martin didn’t score.

- expressing annoyance + at least

You could/might at least have apologised.

Might/may (but not could)

- expressing concession – ‘chociaż’

He might/may be pretty but he’s quite dumb.

- suggest there is no better alternative + as well

I might as well go shopping. (I have nothing better to do)

I may as well tell you now. ( You are going to find out anyway)

Can

- theoretical possibility

This classroom can hold 50 people.

- criticism

She can say hurtful things sometimes.

Ability in the past

- general ability – could

When I was five I could ride a bike.

- on one occasion/situation – be able to/manage

I managed/was able to solve the problem.

Other ways of expressing future possibility

A strong/distinct/real/ possibility

A good/ fair chance

Faint possibility

Remote/slight chance

It’s highly likely

It’s hardly likely

Topic: Past modal verbs of speculation

must have

We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.

The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.

can't have / couldn't have

can't have/couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened.

She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.

might have / may have/ could have

might have/may have/could have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened.

I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?

might not have/ may not have + past participle

He may not have bought enough cakes.

Topic: Modal verbs of speculation in the present.

must

- we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.

can't/couldn’t

- when we feel sure that something is not possible.

It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.

might, may, could

- we think something is possible but we're not sure.

She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.

In negative: might not/ may not

I don’t know – it may not be my friend.

16th January 2025

Topic: Challenge and achievement – vocabulary

overnight success

have a burning ambition

increase motivation

meet with complete failure

face the formidable challenge

leave nothing to chance

fulfil an ambition

realise an ambition

end in/result in failure

achieve success

enjoy success

improve motivation

lack motivation

stand a chance

jump at the chance

take up a challenge

rise to the challenge

Adjectives

major challenge

daunting challenge

slight chance

fair chance

lifelong ambition

main ambition

total failure

costly failure

dismal failure

resounding success

primary motivation

poor motivation

Topic: Participle clauses

Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way.

They are formed using:

- present participles (going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.)

- past participles (gone, read, seen, walked, etc.)

- perfect participles (having gone, having read, having seen, having walked

Present participle clauses

Present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs.

To give the result of an action
The bomb exploded, destroying the building.
To give the reason for an action
Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book.

Past participle clauses

Past participles normally have a passive meaning.

With a similar meaning to an if condition
Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise. (If you use participles in this way, … )
To give the reason for an action
Worried by the news, she called the hospital.

Perfect participle clauses

Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause. Perfect participles can be structured to make an active or passive meaning.

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.
Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.
Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.

Prepositions:

Before cooking, you should wash your hands.
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.

3rd Oct 24

Topic: The passive: advanced forms

Modal verbs:

Present: modal + be + past participle

This jacket should be worn in cold weather

Past: modal+ have been + past participle

My phone must have been stolen.

Verb constructions:

Verbs that take “infinitive to”

She hopes to be chosen.

Verbs that take “- ing form”

I hate being told what to do.

Reporting verbs:

1) It + passive voice + that

People believe we need to drink a lot of water.

It is believed that we need to drink a lot of water.

In the past people didn’t understand that poor hygiene caused health problems.

In the past it wasn’t understood that poor hygiene caused health problems.

2) Present: subject + passive voice + present infinitive (to do)

People think that exercise is good for us.

Exercise is thought to be good for us.

People believe Tom is a thief.

Tom is believed to be a thief.

Past: subject + passive voice + perfect infinitive (to have done)

People believe that Tom was a thief.

Tom is believed to have been a thief.

People believed Tom was a thief.

Tom was believed to have been a thief.

In the past people didn’t understand that poor hygiene caused health problems.

In the past poor hygiene wasn’t understood to have caused health problems.

6th Sep 2024

Topic: Passive Voice

We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence.

My bike was stolen. (passive – focus on my bike)
Someone stole my bike. (active – focus on someone)

We often use the passive:

when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say)
so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information
in more formal or scientific writing.

Tense	Example	Structure
Present simple	Alioli is made from oil, garlic and salt.	is/are + past participle
Present continuous	The hall is being painted this week.	is/are being + past participle
Past simple	John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.	was/were + past participle
Past continuous	The signs were being put up last week.	was/were being + past participle
Present perfect	Oranges have been grown here for centuries.	has/have been + past participle
Past perfect	When he got home, he found that his flat had been burgled.	had been + past participle
Future simple	The work will be finished next week.	will be + past participle

23 April

Topic Mixed Conditionals

We can use mixed conditionals when we imagine a past change with a result in the present or a present change with a result in the past.

1. Past/Present If + past perfect, would + infinitive

Here's a sentence imagining how a change in a past situation would have a result in the present.

If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner.

If I hadn’t eaten old yogurt yesterday, I wouldn’t feel sick today.

2. Present/Past If + past simple, would have + past participle

Here's a sentence imagining how a different situation in the present would mean that the past was different as well.

If it wasn't important, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday.

If I spoke French, I would have taken the job in France last year.

18April

Topic: Conditionals

Second Conditional – gdyby – (odnosi się do czasu teraźniejszego i

przyszłego)

if + past simple , would/could/might + infinitive (bezokolicznik)

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.

Third Conditional – gdyby – (odnosi się do przeszłości)

If + past perfect , would have + past participle(III forma czasownika).

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.

19th March 24

Topic: First Conditional

- open, real, ‘jeśli’

If + present simple, will + czasownik

If I get my wages soon, I’ll buy the concert tickets.

If + present continuous, will + czasownik

If you aren’t going, I won’t go either.

If + present perfect, will + czasownik

If I have done my homework, I’ll go out. –

emphasise we have to do sth first

If + present, modal verb (may, should, can)+ czasownik

If you take this medicine, you may feel better.

If + present, present continuous

If you don’t go with us, I’m not going either.

If + present, tryb rozkazujący

If you see Bob, tell him to phone me.

If + present, future perfect

If we keep driving, we’ll have got there by noon.

8th March

Topic: Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Future continuous

We can use the future continuous to talk about future actions that:

will/won't be + -ing form

will be in progress at a specific time in the future:

When you come out of school tomorrow, I'll be boarding a plane.
Try to call before 8 o'clock. After that, we'll be watching the match.

- polite plans

Will you be starting work earlier with your new job?

Future perfect

We use the future perfect simple to talk about something that will be completed before a specific time in the future.

will/won't have + past participle

The guests are coming at 8 p.m. I'll have finished cooking by then.
On 9 October we'll have been married for 50 years.

Phrases:

- by or by the time

- in or in a day's time / in two months' time / in five years' time

Future perfect continuous

will + have + been + present participle (-ing form)

It’s generally used with two time references:

- by/ by the time/ in

- for/since

By the time they get here I will have been working on it for nearly three months.

1st February

Topic: Quantifiers

Quantifiers with count and uncount nouns

We can use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:

all	some	more	a lot of	enough
no	any	most	lots of	less

We have lots of time.
Joe has lots of friends.
I can't go out. I've got no money.

These more colloquial forms are also used with both count and uncount nouns:

plenty of

heaps of

a load of

loads of

tons of

We have loads of time.
Joe has plenty of friends.
There was heaps of food.

some and any

some in affirmative sentences.

any: negatives and questions

We saw some lions at the zoo, but we didn't see any tigers.

but we can use some for offers and requests:

Would you like some tea?

Quantifiers with count nouns

Some quantifiers can be used only with count nouns:

(not) many	each	either	(a) few
several	both	neither	fewer

Quantifiers with uncount nouns

Some quantifiers can be used only with uncount nouns:

(not) much

a bit of

a little

Would you like a little wine?

These quantifiers are used particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money and trouble:

a great deal of

a good deal of

It will probably cost a great deal of money.

both, either and neither

If we are talking about two people or things, we use the quantifiers both, either and neither:

One supermarket	Two supermarkets	More than two supermarkets
The supermarket was closed.	Both the supermarkets were closed.	All the supermarkets were closed.
The supermarket wasn’t open.	Neither of the supermarkets was open.	None of the supermarkets were open.
I don’t think the supermarket was open.	I don’t think either of the supermarkets was open.	I don’t think any of the supermarkets were open.

every and each

We use the quantifiers every and each with singular nouns to mean all:

There was a party in every street. (= There were parties in all the streets.)
Every shop was decorated with flowers. (= All the shops were decorated with flowers.)

After most of quantifiers we can use of; we cannot use of after no, every – instead we use none of and every one of/each of

Most of my friends live nearby.

None of my friends likes chocolate.

A few and a bit of or a little mean some.

I've brought a few friends.
There's a bit of milk left.
It needs a little more work.

We use few and little to show that we are talking about a small amount.

Few people came to the meeting.
There are few places where you can still see these birds.
We have very little time.

28th Nov 23

Topic: Past Modal Verbs of speculation

Certainty: must

Must have + III forma czasownika

John is not at home. He must have gone to work

Certainty: can’t/couldn’t

Can’t/couldn’t have + III forma czasownika

He can’t have been in PE – he’s off sick.

Possibility: may/might/could

May have + III forma czasownika

Where are your friends? They may have got lost

Possibility negative: may not/might not

might not have + III forma czasownika

He may not have received your message.

Probability – should/ought to

Should have + III forma

Ought to have + III forma

The bus ought to have come by now.

Advice or criticism – should/ought to

Should have + III forma

Shouldn’t have + III forma

You should have gone to the doctor.

You shouldn’t have said that.

You ought not to have eaten that cake.

Obligation

- Personal obligation – must

- External obligation – have to

Past – had to

She had to study yesterday.

Negative – didn’t have to

We didn’t have to go to school last week.

Necessity – need

Past – needed

I needed to buy pasta yesterday

- lack of necessity – didn’t need to

We didn’t need to buy chocolate.

- past action that turned out to be unnecessary:

needn’t have + III forma

I needn’t have watered the flowers.

I didn’t need to buy flour. – and I didn’t buy.

I needn’t have bought flour but I bought it – niepotrzebnie kupiłem mąkę

Ability – can/be able to

Past: could/couldn’t – general ability

When I was five I could ride a bike.

Past: was/were able to – specific situation

I was able to finish that project last weekend.

23th Nov

Topic: Modal verbs – present

Obligation/Necessity

Must/have to

- Must: must for more personal opinions about what it is necessary to do.

I must do my homework today (because I’m a good student)

- Have to: for what somebody in authority has said it is necessary to do.

- I have to do my homework every day (because teachers make me)

She has to get up early.

Negative:

don’t have to/doesn’t have to

We don’t have to wear uniforms at school.

Necessity:

need – I need to do my shopping today.

She needs my help

don’t need/doesn’t need/needn’t–

I don’t need to learn everything.

Advice

should/ought to

You ought to go to the doctor.

Negative: shouldn’t/ ought not to

Be supposed to do

We are supposed to leave at 8

Permission/prohibition

Can/can’t – mogę/nie mogę

Can I go out?

You can’t talk here.

Be allowed to do – wolno, pozwalać

You aren’t allowed to park here.

He is allowed to leave the country.

Mustn’t – nie wolno

You mustn’t smoke here.

Ability

Can

- Skills

Present: She can swim but she can’t skate.

To be able to – specific situations

I was able to do my math homework yesterday.

I’ve been able to do my homework.

I’ll be able to help you.

Speculation

1) Certainty + :must

He must be worried about something.

He’s not at school – he must be ill.

2) Certainty - : can’t/couldn’t

It’s warm today – you can’t be cold.

She couldn’t be ill.

3) Possibility: may/might/could

He may have an exam.

He could be at home.

He might be angry

Negative: may not/might not

He might not be home

21th Nov

It drives me crazy - vocabulary

9th Nov

Topic: Writing an article

1) Tytuł

Tytuł musi być krótki i ciekawy. Jego zadaniem jest przyciągnięcie uwagi odbiorcy i zachęcenie go do zapoznania się z treścią artykułu.

2) Wstęp

We wstępie, starasz się maksymalnie zainteresować czytelnika tematem.

- możesz zadać pytanie (Have you ever wondered…

- przywołać jakiś cytat As Plato said:…

- wpleść przysłowie Actions speak louder than words. Have you ever really experienced this in your own life?

- wykorzystać kontrasty: Most people believe that…but the truth is…

3) Rozwinięcie

W rozwinięciu podajesz ciekawe i adekwatne przykłady, opisujesz i wyjaśniasz, proponujesz rozwiązania, (zgodnie z treścią polecenia), odwołujesz się do doświadczeń swoich albo czytelników, podajesz statystyki itp. Nie masz na to za dużo miejsca, więc pamiętaj, aby trzymać się przez cały czas blisko treści polecenia.

Oto kilka zwrotów, które możesz wykorzystać w artykule po angielsku:

Imagine... - Wyobraź sobie, że…

The most important advantage/disadvantage of … is … - Najważniejszą zaletą/ wadą … jest...

Let's suppose that... - Załóżmy, że…

In addition to .. - W dodatku,

Take ... for example/instance. - Weźmy ... za przykład.

According to… - Według (ale nigdy "according to me"!!!)

On the one hand, - Z jednej strony

On the other hand, - Z drugiej strony

Nevertheless, - Niemniej

In spite of - Pomimo

For instance, - Na przykład

This movie/book conveys a beautiful and important message. - Ten film/książka niesie piękne i ważne przesłanie.

The plot makes the film/book a masterpiece. - Treść czyni film/książkę arcydziełem.

... seems to be – ... wydaje się być

Due to ... – Z powodu ...

How come ... ? – Jak to się stało, że ... ?

Yet, ... – Jednak, …

Apparently,/On the surface,/Seemingly, - Pozornie,

The issue/problem is/will be ... – Ten problem jest/będzie ...

It is vital/essential/key to ... – Ważne jest, aby …

As far as … is/are concerned... - Jeżeli chodzi o...

4) Zakończenie

Zakończenie artykułu podsumowuje problem, podaje wnioski i zamyka treść w logiczną całość. Pamiętaj, podobnie jak tytuł i wstęp, zakończenie powinno wzbudzić w czytelniku emocje i zrobić na nim wrażenia tak, aby zapamiętał treść artykułu.

27thOct 23

Topic: Be/Get used to

be used to and get used to

be used to doing sth/get used to doing sth

be used to sth/get used to sth

- be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.

- We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon.

26thOct 23

Topic: Past Habits: used to and would

Used to + infinitive

We can use used to to talk about past states that are not true anymore.

We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn't use to be a supermarket there. When did it open?
Did you use to have a garden?

We can also use used to to talk about past habits (repeated past actions) that don't happen anymore.

I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
She used to smoke but she gave up a few years ago.

Would

We can use would to talk about repeated past actions that don't happen anymore.

Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
My dad would read me amazing stories every night at bedtime.

- would for past habits is slightly more formal than used to.

- It is often used in stories.

- We don't normally use the negative or question form of would for past habits.

- Note that we can't usually use would to talk about past states.

Past simple

We can always use the past simple as an alternative to used to or would to talk about past states or habits.

We went to the same beach every summer.
We used to go to the same beach every summer.
We would go to the same beach every summer.

- the past simple doesn't make it so clear that the thing is no longer true.

- if something happened only once, we must use the past simple.

I went to Egypt in 2014.

19^th Oct Topic: Teaching yourself

Catch up on - nadrobić zaległości

She has to catch up on her homework.

Come across – natknąć się

I've never come across this kind of problem before.

Drop out – rzucić szkołę

I got a job so I will drop out of college.

Figure out – wymyślić, domyślić się

I can't figure out how to do this.

Go on to do – przejść do czegoś innego

He went on to the next point

Go through – zapoznać się z czymś

She went through the calculations.

Live up to – spełnić oczekiwania

I’m trying to live up to my parents’ expectations.

Pick up – załapać

It's easier to pick up English when among Englishmen

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

The past perfect is made from the verb had and the past participle of a verb:

I had finished the work.

The past perfect continuous is made from had been and the -ing form of a verb:

I had been working there for a year.

We use the past perfect:

for completed action that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past:

When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.

when we are reporting our experience up to a point in the past:

My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had.

We use the past perfect continuous:

for incomplete action or longer action or situation before a specific time in the past

She didn't want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life.

to show cause

I was exhausted because I had been running for half an hour.

For and Since

We use Past Pefect Continuous with action verbs:

I had been watching that programme every week since it started

We Past Perfect Continuous with state verbs

Up until that moment, I'd never believed (NOT ~~been believing~~) in astrology.

EXERCISE1

EXERCISE2

Klasa 2AB