Klasa 3A

 25th March

Topic: Participle clauses

Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way.

They are formed using:

-        present participles (going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.)

-        past participles (gone, read, seen, walked, etc.)

-        perfect participles (having gone, having read, having seen, having walked

Present participle clauses

Present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs. 

• There were hundreds of people waiting for bargains (who were waiting)
• Being a shy person, I never enjoy going to parties (because I am a shy person)

Past participle clauses

Past participles normally have a passive meaning.

• Made in China, my TV was very cheap.( my TV was made in China)
• Worried by the news, she called the hospital. ( because she was worried …)

 

Perfect participle clauses

Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause. Perfect participles can have an active or passive meaning.

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.( 1. get dressed, 2 go downstairs)
Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.
Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.

Prepositions:

Before cooking, you should wash your hands. 
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.

 

 20th March

Topic: City design

outskirts - przedmieścia

suburbs           przedmieścia 

uptown            przedmieścia, poza centrum

downtown       centrum

high-rise          wieżowiec

mid-rise block blok 4-6 piętrowy

unit                  mieszkanie, kawalerka

dwelling           mieszkanie, dom

inhabit             mieszkać

 

Expressions with home/house

Home from home       jak u siebie w domu

Make youself at home

On the house  na koszt właściciela

House speciality

Close to home            uszczypliwy, trafny

Hit home         trafić w sedno

Eat me out of house and home

Bring the house down            otrzymać brawa

 

18 March 

Topic: Alternatives in word formation:

Considerate (inconsiderate) – thoughtful- liczący się z innymi

Considerable ( in - ) – important – znaczny

Timeless- ponadczasowy

Timely – (untimely) – w odpowiednim czasie

Adopted – adoptowany

Adoptive – adopcyjny, przybrany

Deceitful – can describe people – mylący

Deceptive – describes actions or practices – mylący

Supportive – wspierający, pomocny

Eg supportive encouragement

Supporting – wspierający

Eg supporting arguments

Identification – identifikacja

Identity – tożsamość

Consulting room – gabinet lekarski

Consultative – doradczy

Hardship – trudności

Hardness – twardość, wytrzymałość

Advisory – doradczy

In an advisory capacity – w roli doradczej

Advisable – stosowny

Imaginary – wymyślony

Imaginable – wyobrażalny

Imaginative – mający dużą wyobraźnię

Respectable – szanowany

Respectful – pełen szacunku

Respective – poszczególny

 20th Feb 25

Topic: Emphasis: cleft sentences

'It' cleft sentences

You can use an 'it' cleft to draw attention to the most interesting or important part.

Structure

It + is/was + emphasis + (that) + rest of message

·        It was Rob that/who ate my biscuits. (not Catherine)

·        It was my biscuits that Rob ate. (not my sandwiches)

·        It was yesterday that Rob ate my biscuits. (not today)

Question form

Is/was + it + emphasis + (that) + rest of message

·        Was it Rob that/who ate my biscuits?

Negative form

It + isn't/wasn't + emphasis + (that) + rest of message

·        It wasn't Rob that/who ate my biscuits.

It + is/was (only) when, while, not until

It was not until he took off his hat that I recognised him.

It was only when he took off his hat that I recognised him.

It’s because … that

It’s because I’m a chef that people never invite me to dinner.

'What' cleft sentences

 Emphasising the noun

What …  is/ was + emphasis

·        What I hated most was the insects everywhere.

Emphasising the verb

What/All + subject + do/does/did + is/was + verb

What they did was move us to another town.

Emphasising the whole sentence

What happens/happened + is/was + clause

·        What happened was we got to the hotel and realised that our room had been double booked.

23th Jan 25

Topic: Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Future Continuous

will be + czasownik w formie -ing

I will be sleeping.

-        to talk about actions or events which will be in progress at a certain time in the future.

At 8 pm tomorrow we will be watching a match.

-        to ask about somebody’s plans politely

 

Will you be coming with us tomorrow?

Future Perfect Simple and Continuous

Will have + III forma czasownika

By tomorrow I will have finished this job.

Will have been + forma – ing

By next month I will have been working here for 20 years.

-        to talk about something that will be completed before a specific time in the future. (Future Perfect Simple)

The guests are coming at 8 p.m. I'll have finished cooking by then.
On 9 October we'll have been married for 50 years.

- to talk about something which will continue until a certain time in the future (Future Perfect Continuous) + for or since

Next month he will have been studying English for 10 years.

Expressions:

1)

by tomorrow or by the time 

 in two days or in a day's time / in two months' time / in five years' time

 

 22th Jan 25

 Topic: Future forms

 will:

• when we express beliefs about the future:

I think it will be a nice day tomorrow.
I'm sure you will enjoy the film.

• to mean want to or be willing to:

I hope you will come to my party.
George says he will help us.

• to make offers and promises :

I promise I'll see you tomorrow.

be going to:

• to talk about plans or intentions:

I'm going to drive to work today.
They are going to move to Manchester.

• to make predictions based on evidence we can see:

Be careful! You are going to fall. (= I can see that you might fall.)
Look at those black clouds. I think it's going to rain. (= I can see that it will rain.)

present continuous for plans or arrangements:

I'm playing football tomorrow.
They are coming to see us tomorrow.

present simple for something scheduled:

We have a lesson next Monday.
The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.

modals may, might and could when we are not sure about the future:

I might stay at home tonight or I might go to the cinema.
We could see Mary at tomorrow’s meeting.

should if we think there's a good chance of something happening:

We should be home in time for tea.

be likely to /be unlikely to

The situation is likely to get worse.

be bound to

The plan is bound to fail.

Be (just) about to

I’m just about to leave.

Be on the point of doing sth

I’m on the point of leaving.

Be due to – scheduled

The new supermarket is due to open tomorrow

 

 10th Jan 2025

Topic: Determiners

Before singular countable nouns:

another, any, each, either, every, neither, no, one, some, this, that

-        either, neither – when we talk about two things

-        each – two or more things

-        every – more than two things

Neither player deserves to lose.

Every song sounds the same.

 

Before plural nouns:

all, any, both, enough, few, a few, a lot of, many, more, most, no, other, several, some, these, those

-        few – not many

-        a few – more than expected

 

Before uncountable nouns:

All, any, enough, less, little, a little, a lot, more, most, much, no, some, this, that

-        little – mało

-        a little – trochę

-        some – a large amount

That’s some order.

-        some – approximately

I was waiting for some two hours.

 

 05th Nov 24

Topic: The passive: advanced forms

Modal verbs:

Present: modal + be + past participle

This jacket should be worn in cold weather

Past: modal+ have been + past participle

My phone must have been stolen.

Verb constructions:

Verbs that take “infinitive to”

She hopes to be chosen.

Verbs that take “- ing form”

I hate being told what to do.

Reporting verbs:

1)    It + passive voice + that

People believe we need to drink a lot of water.

It is believed that we need to drink a lot of water.

In the past people didn’t understand that poor hygiene caused health problems.

In the past it wasn’t understood that poor hygiene caused health problems.

2)    Present: subject + passive voice + present infinitive (to do)

People think that exercise is good for us.

Exercise is thought to be good for us.

 

People believe Tom is a thief.

Tom is believed to be a thief.

 

Past: subject + passive voice + perfect infinitive (to have done)

People believe that Tom was a thief.

Tom is believed to have been a thief.

 

People believed Tom was a thief.

Tom was believed to have been a thief.

Have/get sth done

I'm going to have my hair cut.

He had his car repaired.

They have just had their flat redecorated.

 10th Oct 24

Topic: Passive Voice

We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence.

My bike was stolen. (passive – focus on my bike)
Someone stole my bike. (active – focus on someone)

We often use the passive:

• when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say)

• so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information

• in more formal or scientific writing.

   

Tense	Example	Structure
Present simple	Alioli is made from oil, garlic and salt.	is/are + past participle
Present continuous	The hall is being painted this week.	is/are being + past participle
Past simple	John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.	was/were + past participle
Past continuous	The signs were being put up last week.	was/were being + past participle
Present perfect	Oranges have been grown here for centuries.	has/have been + past participle
Past perfect	When he got home, he found that his flat had been burgled.	had been + past participle
Future simple	The work will be finished next week.	will be + past participle

Modal verbs:

Present: modal + be + past participle

This jacket should be worn in cold weather

Past: modal+ have been + past participle

My phone must have been stolen.

Verb constructions:

Verbs that take “infinitive to”

She hopes to be chosen.

Verbs that take “- ing form”

I hate being told what to do.

 

Topic: Ellipsis and substitution

1)   Substitution

-        Verb – do/does/did/have/has/had/will/may/can/could…

Paul didn’t want to go but I did.

She was supposed to visit them but she didn’t.

I couldn’t understand him and nor could Tom.

-        Verb + object – do so

He told her to lock the door and she did so___

The teacher will tell her to write the test and she will do so.

-        So + auxiliary verb + subject – też

She liked dogs and so did I.

The will go to Paris and so will he.

Sara can cook and so can Tom.

She has finished the course and so have I.

-        Nor/neither + auxiliary + subject

 

I have never been to Paris and neither has he.

She couldn’t say anything and neither could I.

 

-        think, suppose, hope, expect, seem + so

think, suppose, hope, expect, seem + not

Is he coming? I think so.

Do you it’ll rain? I hope not.

 

-        If not/ if so

Are you free on Friday? If so, let me know. If not, then next week.

-        One/ones

I wanted to buy shoes but they didn’t have the ones I liked.

 

Ellipsis

-        Omitting words after and/but

John was impressed with him but I wasn’t.____

-        Omitting main verb after auxiliary

I would do it myself if I could____

She said she would phone but she didn’t____.

Can you turn on the heating? I already have____.

 

3rd October 2024

Topic: Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Relative clauses give us information about the person or thing mentioned. 

Defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells us who or what we are talking about.

The woman who lives next door works in a bank. 
These are the flights that have been cancelled.

We usually use a relative pronoun or adverb to start a defining relative clause: who, which, that, when, where or whose.

who/that

We can use who or that to talk about people. that is more common and a bit more informal.

She's the woman who cuts my hair.
He's the man that I met at the conference.

which/that 

We can use which or that to talk about things. that is more common and a bit more informal.

There was a one-year guarantee which came with the TV.
The laptop that I bought last week has started making a strange noise!

Other pronouns

when can refer to a time.

Summer is the season when I'm happiest.

where can refer to a place.

That's the stadium where Real Madrid play.

whose refers to the person that something belongs to.

He's a musician whose albums have sold millions. 

Omitting the relative pronoun

Sometimes we can leave out the relative pronoun. For example, we can usually leave out who, which or that if it is followed by a subject.

The assistant [that] we met was really kind.
   (we = subject, can omit that)

We can't usually leave it out if it is followed by a verb.

The assistant that helped us was really kind.
   (helped = verb, can't omit that)

Non-defining relative clauses give us extra information about someone or something. It isn't essential for understanding who or what we are talking about.

My grandfather, who's 87, goes swimming every day.
The house, which was built in 1883, has just been opened to the public.
The award was given to Sara, whose short story impressed the judges. 

We also use commas to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence.

who, which and whose

We can use who to talk about people, which to talk about things and whose to refer to the person or thing that something belongs to.

Yesterday I met my new boss, who was very nice.
The house, which is very big, is also very cold!
My next-door neighbour, whose children go to school with ours, has just bought a new car.
After the port there is a row of fishermen's houses, whose lights can be seen from across the bay.

Places and times

We can use which with a preposition to talk about places and times. In these cases it's more common to use where or when instead of which and the preposition.

City Park, which we used to go to, has been closed down.
City Park, where we used to go, has been closed down.
December, which Christmas is celebrated in, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.
December, when Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.

 

 15th March

The Power of Photography

 

Topic: Talking about the past

1)    Past Simple

-        completed action that happened at a specific time in the past (with past time expression)

When we lived in New York, we had a bakery.

-        habitual actions and behaviour in the past – (instead of used to/would)

Did you bite your nails when you were a child

Once I played basketball a lot.

 

2)    Past Continuous

-        situations or action in progress at a specific moment in past

Yesterday in the afternoon I was reading a book.

-        A past situation or action which was in progress when another action happened:

We were having breakfast when Mark called.

What were you doing when I came.

-        Repeated past actions that the speaker finds annoying (with always)

She was always complaining.

 

28th Feb

Topic: Writing an essay

Transitions – Informal & Formal

Informal	Formal
Anyways	Nevertheless
Plus/Also	Moreover/ Furthermore
But	However
So	Therefore/Thus
Also	In addition, Additionally
ASAP	as soon as possible/at your earliest convenience
Okay, OK	acceptable
In the meantime	In the interim
I think	In my opinion,
In the end,	Finally
To sum up	In conclusion,
In a nutshell/Basically	To summarize,

 23th Feb

Topic: Adverbs of degree

Quizlet

14th Feb

Topic: Modal verbs

Might/could

-          past possibility which didn’t happen

We could/might have won the game but Martin didn’t score.

-          expressing annoyance + at least

You could/might at least have apologised.

Might/may

-          expressing concession – ‘chociaż’

He might/may be pretty but he’s quite dumb.

-          suggest there is no better alternative + as well

I might as well go shopping. (I have nothing better to do)

I may as well tell you now. ( You are going to find out anyway)

Can

-          theoretical possibility

This classroom can hold 50 people.

-          criticism

She can say hurtful things sometimes.

 

 

Ability in the past

-          general ability – could

When I was five I could ride a bike.

-          on one occasion/situation – be able to

I managed/was able to solve the problem.

 

Other ways of expressing future possibility

A strong/distinct/real/ possibility

A good/ fair chance

Faint possibility

Remote/slight chance

It’s highly likely

It’s hardly likely

 13th Feb

Topic: Past modal verbs of speculation

must have

We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.

The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.

can't have / couldn't have 

can't have/couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened.

She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.

might have / may have/ could have

might have/may have/could have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened. 

I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?

might not have/ may not have + past participle

 

 9the Feb

Topic: Modal verbs of speculation in the present.

Must

-         we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.

can't

-         when we feel sure that something is not possible.

It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.

might, may, could

-         we think something is possible but we're not sure. 

She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.

In negative: might not/ may not

Topic: Reading: “A Long Way to the Top”

Vocabulary:

reportedly

They reportedly are expecting a child.

longevity

inconclusive

The results of the studies have been inconclusive.

ascent

fleeting

We met for one fleeting moment.

gruelling

The experience was far more gruelling than I expected.

throwaway remark/comment

seemingly

The two of them seemingly know little about each other.

profound

She felt profound sadness.

refreshing

That was a refreshing change.

convey

Can you convey this message, please?

push the boundaries

Topic: Modal verbs of speculation in the present.

Must

-        we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.

can't

-        when we feel sure that something is not possible.

It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.

might, may, could

-        we think something is possible but we're not sure. 

She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.

In negative: might not/ may not

 

6th February

Topic: Participle clauses

Present participle: - ing e.g doing

Past participle: III forma czasownika e.g done

Perfect participle: having + III forma czasownika e.g having done

1)    There were people who were waiting for bargains.

There were people waiting for bargains.

2)    My new TV, which was made in China, was very cheap. – strona bierna

Made in China, my new TV was very cheap.

3)    While I was opening the window, I noticed a strange man.

Opening the window, I saw a strange man.

4)    After they had done all the shopping, they went home.

Having done all the shopping, they went home.

5)    Because I was poor, I couldn’t go abroad. (since, as)

Being poor, I couldn’t go abroad.

6)    If it is spent wisely, this money will last for years.

     Spent wisely, this money will last for years.

 

1st February 24

Topic: Emphasis

1)    You wanted to go to the beach.

It was you who wanted to go to the beach.

2)    I’d like to meet the President.

The person I’d like to meet is the President.

3)    He really wants to go to China.

It is China where he wants to go.

The place where he wants to go is China.

4)    I’ll never understand baseball.

One thing I will never understand is baseball.

5)    The fire alarm went off.

What happened was that the fire alarm went off.

 

It is her aunt who works at the store, not her mum.

 

 

30th Jan 24

Topic: Inversion and negative adverbials

Never, rarely, seldom

Never had they seen so many people in the village.
Seldom has she taken a day off work.

Hardly…when, barely, scarcely, no sooner…than

Hardly had we sat down when we were told to evacuate the building.
Scarcely had the votes been counted when the new president was pushed in front of TV cameras.
No sooner had the game started than the captain was taken ill.

Under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way, under no condition, not until and not only.

Under no circumstances should children travel without an adult.
In no way did we agree to this.

Grammar explanation

 

28th Nov 23

Topic: Mixed Conditionals

1) 1)   Third Conditional + Second Conditional

If … had + III forma, would + czasownik

If I hadn’t spent all my money yesterday, I would go shopping with you today.

 

2) 2)   Second Conditional + Third Conditional

If … past tense , would have+ III forma

If I could drive, I would have taken you to the station last time.

 

24th Nov 23

Topic: Stimulus- based discussion

Expressing an opinion

To my mind

In my opinion

I’m of the opinion that

I feel quite strongly

I firmly believe

It’s clear to me that…

Counterclaim:

People might think … but

It could be argued that … However, …

Some people see it differently … but I don’t agree.

While it’s true that… I feel that…

While this is a fair point, I don’t think that…

 

 22th Nov 23

Topic: Making a difference - reading

Vocabulary

 

15th Nov 23

Topic: Verb Patterns

 

get sb to do sth

I'll get my sister to call you.

have sb do sth

My teacher had me stay after the classes to clean.

make sb do sth

My parents make me clean my room.

 to be made to do sth – passive

I'm made to clean my room.

 

prefer - present

I prefer to stay at home

I prefer you to stay/stayed

 would have preferred sb to do sth – past

I would have preferred to go camping last week.

I would have preferred you to stay

 

10th Nov 23

Topic: Hashtag activism – vocabulary

upgrade to first class (plane)

rewrite the notes

anti-government demonstrations

international conference

overcharge sb

mispronounce the words

prehistoric times

ex-president

underestimate sb

Discourse markers

Examples: you know, for example, for instance

Contrast: however, nevertheless, mind you, all the same, still, even so

Afterthought: by the way, incidentally

Topic continuation: talking of which, as I was saying

8th Nov 23

Topic: Expressions: if only and I wish

Expressing regret about the past:

Wish + past perfect                                       If only + past perfect

I wish I hadn’t spent all my money.              If only I hadn’t cheated on math test.

I’d rather (sb) + past perfect

I’d rather you had told me about it.

Digression:

Present:

I’d rather stay at home.

I’d rather you stayed at home

Alternatives to if – jeśli, gdyby

-          unless – if not

I couldn’t have done the homework unless you had helped me.

-          even if

I wouldn’t have told you the answer even if I had known.

-          provided that/ providing/ on condition that

I’ll lend you my phone provided that you give it back immediately.

 

Even though

He decided to play football even though he was tired.

supposing

Supposing we had dinner out today

24th Oct 23

Topic: Second and Third Conditional

Second conditional

The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive. 

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger

 

Third conditional

The third conditional is used to imagine a different past. We imagine a change in a past situation and the different result of that change.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery.

In third conditional sentences, the structure is usually: 

If + past perfect >> would have + past participle.

18th Oct 23

Topic: Guided conversation

 Polite statements and requests with Past Continuous

-         Questions

Are you looking for something?

Were you looking for anything in particular?

-         Requests

Can you help me with this?

I was wondering if you could help me?

I was hoping you might help me.

 

 17th Oct 23

Topic: Nouns and dependent prepositions

 

Arrival of

Increase in

Production of

Interest in

Obsession with

Number of

Evidence of

Demand for

Difference between

Dependence on

Effect on

Belief in

Rise in

Preference for

Reason for

Objection to

Solution to

 

Prepositions with chance of meaning:

Rise in taxes

Rise to fame

 

What’s the matter with sb

A matter for sb

 

Taste for travel

Taste in music

 

Difference of opinion

Difference in sb/sth