English Classes: Certyfikat

9th April

Topic: Unreal past and past wishes

Alternatives of if

- Suppose, supposing

- Imagine

Suppose you wanted a pet, what animal would you buy?

Would rather

to express preference about actions.

I'd rather buy less, but better quality.

When the subjects of the two clauses are different, we often use unreal tenses.

They would rather we didn't wait too long before letting them know our decision.
I'd rather you didn't eat dinner on the new sofa.

It’s (high) time

it's (high) time + subject + past verb form

to say it is time to do something now that should have been done a long time ago.

It's high time we went to bed.
It's time we took responsibility for our planet.

Wish and if only

to talk about things that we would like to be different in either the present or the past.

If only is usually a bit stronger than wish.

The present

wish/if only + a past form

I wish I knew more people my own age.
If only drivers paid more attention to cyclists.

Would is used when the speaker wants someone or something else to change. It often expresses annoyance.

I wish people wouldn't eat noisily at the cinema.

The past

wish/if only + a past perfect form

I wish I hadn't stayed out so late last night. I'm really tired today.
If only we'd known this company was going to close, we wouldn't have recommended them.

The future

Note that we don't use wish to talk about our wishes for a future event.

~~I wish you pass the exam~~.

This is not talking about an unreal time; it's a wish for the future. We usually use I hope to express wishes for the future.

I hope you pass the exam.

19th March

Topic Mixed Conditionals

We can use mixed conditionals when we imagine a past change with a result in the present or a present change with a result in the past.

1. Past/Present If + past perfect, would + infinitive

Here's a sentence imagining how a change in a past situation would have a result in the present.

If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner.

2. Present/Past If + past simple, would have + past participle

Here's a sentence imagining how a different situation in the present would mean that the past was different as well.

It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday.

Exercises

12th March

Topic: Conditionals

Second Conditional – gdyby – (odnosi się do czasu teraźniejszego i

przyszłego)

if + past simple , would/could + infinitive

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.

Third Conditional – gdyby – odnosi się do przeszłości

If + past perfect , would have + past participle.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.

Phrasal Verbs

Call for – demand

Chop down – destroy

Clean up – tidy/clean

Die out – go extinct

Do away with – abolish

Run out – sth finishes

Throw away – put in the rubbish

Wipe out – completely destroy

27th Feb

1) So + adjective/adverb

So pretty

So hard

2) Such a/an + adjective + noun in singular

Such a nice day

3) Such + adjective + noun in plural/uncount noun

Such good people

28th Nov 23

Topic: Past Modal Verbs of speculation

Certainty: must

Must have + III forma czasownika

John is not at home. He must have gone to work

Certainty: can’t/couldn’t

Can’t/couldn’t have + III forma czasownika

He can’t have been in PE – he’s off sick.

Possibility: may/might/could

May have + III forma czasownika

Where are your friends? They may have got lost

Possibility negative: may not/might not

might not have + III forma czasownika

He may not have received your message.

Probability – should/ought to

Should have + III forma

Ought to have + III forma

The bus ought to have come by now.

Advice or criticism – should/ought to

Should have + III forma

Shouldn’t have + III forma

You should have gone to the doctor.

You shouldn’t have said that.

You ought not to have eaten that cake.

Obligation

- Personal obligation – must

- External obligation – have to

Past – had to

She had to study yesterday.

Negative – didn’t have to

We didn’t have to go to school last week.

Necessity – need

Past – needed

I needed to buy pasta yesterday

- lack of necessity – didn’t need to

We didn’t need to buy chocolate.

- past action that turned out to be unnecessary:

needn’t have + III forma

I needn’t have watered the flowers.

I didn’t need to buy flour. – and I didn’t buy.

I needn’t have bought flour but I bought it – niepotrzebnie kupiłem mąkę

Ability – can/be able to

Past: could/couldn’t – general ability

When I was five I could ride a bike.

Past: was/were able to – specific situation

I was able to finish that project last weekend.

14th Nov

Topic: Crime. Modal verbs

Phrasal verbs:

Turn yourself in

Hold-up in a bank

Come forward with information

Be let off

Make for –

Get away with

Beat up

Break in

Ability

Present/Future: general ability: can

I can sing.

I can meet you tomorrow.

Present/Future: specific ability: be able to

I’ll be able to do the project on Monday.

Past: could – general ability

Past: was/were able to – specific ability

I could speak English when I was 6.

Yesterday I was able to solve all my math problems.

Permission

Present: can/could/may

Can I use your phone?

Past: be allowed

I was allowed to go to the party.

Advice

Present/Future: should, ought to

You ought to go/should go to the doctor.

Past: should have+ III forma,

ought to have + III forma

Last week you should have gone/ ought to have gone to the doctor.

7th Nov

Topic: Talking about the future

1. We use the present simple for something scheduled:

We have a lesson next Monday.

2. We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements:

I'm playing football tomorrow.

3. We use will

- when we express beliefs about the future: (I think, I’m sure, I believe…)

It will be a nice day tomorrow.

- to make offers and promises :

I'll see you tomorrow.

4. We use be going to:

- to talk about plans or intentions

I'm going to drive to work today.

- to make predictions based on evidence we can see:

Be careful! You are going to fall. (= I can see that you might fall.)

Future continuous

We can use the future continuous

Will be/won't be + -ing form

I will be reading/ I won’t be reading/ Will you be reading?

future actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future:

When you come out of school tomorrow, I'll be boarding a plane.
Try to call before 8 o'clock. After that, we'll be watching the match.

- What are you doing tomorrow? to a friend

- What will you be doing tomorrow? – to a stranger

Future perfect

Will have/won't have + past participle

I will have done it/ I won’t have done it/ Will you have done it?

to talk about something that will be completed before a specific time

in the future.

The guests are coming at 8 p.m. I'll have finished cooking by then.
On 9 October we'll have been married for 50 years.
Will you have gone to bed when I get back?

Time expressions

- by or by the time

- in a day's time / in two months / in five years' time

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

Crime Vocabulary

judge – sędzia

jury – ława przysięgłych

justice – sprawiedliwość

accused – oskarżony

evidence – dowód, dowody

fine – grzywna

guilty – winny

imprisonment – kara więzienia

trial - proces

31th Oct

Topic: Learning

Be refreshed

Be energised

Feel alert

Sleep deprivation

Consolidate knowledge

Past Habits

Used to + infinitive

We can use used to to talk about past states that are not true anymore.

We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn't use to be a supermarket there. When did it open?
Did you use to have a garden?

We can also use used to to talk about past habits (repeated past actions) that don't happen anymore.

I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
She used to smoke but she gave up a few years ago.

Would

We can use would to talk about repeated past actions that don't happen anymore.

Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
My dad would read me amazing stories every night at bedtime.

- would for past habits is slightly more formal than used to.

- It is often used in stories.

- We don't normally use the negative or question form of would for past habits.

- Note that we can't usually use would to talk about past states.

be used to and get used to

be used to doing sth/get used to doing sth

be used to sth/get used to sth

- be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.

- We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon.

Certyfikat - First