19th March
Topic: Conditionals
- open, real, ‘jeśli’
If + present simple, will + czasownik
If I get my wages soon, I’ll buy the concert tickets.
If + present continuous, will + czasownik
If you aren’t going, I won’t go either.
If + present perfect, will + czasownik
If I have done my homework, I’ll go out. –
emphasise we have to do sth first
If + present, modal verb (may, should, can)+ czasownik
If you take this medicine, you may feel better.
If + present, present continuous
If you don’t go with us, I’m not going either.
If + present, tryb rozkazujący
If you see Bob, tell him to phone me.
If + present, future perfect
If we keep driving, we’ll have got there by noon.
If you go abroad, I’ll miss.
If you should go abroad, …
If you happen to go abroad, …
Inversion:
If you should go abroad, …
Should you go abroad, I’ll miss you.
Second Condition:
If you died, your family would mourn you.
If you were to die, …
Were you to die, …
Suppose you died, what would happen?
5th Dec
Topic: Talking about the past
1) Past Simple
- completed action that happened at a specific time in the past (with past time expression)
When we lived in New York, we had a bakery.
- habitual actions and behaviour in the past – (instead of used to/would)
Did you bite your nails when you were a child
Once I played basketball a lot.
2) Past Continuous
- situations or action in progress at a specific moment in past
Yesterday in the afternoon I was reading a book.
- A past situation or action which was in progress when another action happened:
We were having breakfast when Mark called.
What were you doing when I came.
- Repeated past actions that the speaker finds annoying (with always)
She was always complaining.
3) Present Perfect:
- With already/just/yet
I have already eaten.
Has he come yet?
- Never/ever
Have you ever been to the US?
- For/since
I’ve lived/I’ve been living in Warsaw for 10 years.
- Expression: It is the first/second/third time…
It is the third time I’ve eaten ramen
Present Perfect Continuous
Have/has been + ing form
I have been studying English for 5 years.
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Present perfect simple |
Present perfect continuous |
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Focuses on the result |
Focuses on the activity |
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You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely! |
I've been gardening. It's so nice out there. |
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Says 'how many' |
Says 'how long' |
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She's read ten books this summer. |
She's been reading that book all day. |
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Describes a completed action |
Describes an activity which may continue |
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I've written you an email. |
I've been writing emails. |
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When we can see evidence of recent activity |
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The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?
For repeated action They've been playing tennis every Sunday for years.
Emphasises that a situation is temporary. I usually go to the gym on the High Street, but it's closed at the moment so I've been going to the one in the shopping centre.
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Past Perfect
Had+ III forma
I had gone home before you came.
Hadn’t gone
Had you gone…
- we use it in the context which is in the past
- to show a past action or situation happened before another past event.
When the film started, I realised I had already seen it.
- With expressions: before, by the time, already
By the time I came to the party, the food had been eaten.
Past Perfect Continuous
Had been + -ing form
I had been waiting for an hour before she came.
14th Nov 23
Topic: Word formation
Nouns
Consciousness - świadomość
Seizure - zawładnięcie
Settlement - porozumienie
Clarification - wyjaśnienie
Livelihood - utrzymanie
Reference - odniesienie
Interference - ingerencja
Occurrence - występowanie
Suitability - dopasowanie
Fixture - urządzenie
Deficiency - brak
Redundancy - zbędność
Wreckage- wrak
Ownership - własność
Liability - zobowiązanie
Readiness - gotowość
Dismissal- zwolnienie
Acquaintance - znajomość
Withdrawal – wycofanie
Pursuit – pogoń
Relentlessly – bez przerwy
Exhaustion - zmęczenie
Due to Rebecca’s unwillingness to
Richard expressed his displeasure with
I fail to see the relevance of
Fiona has an annoying tendency to …
A long time to get used to the inconvenience of
7thNov Topic: Adverbs of degree. Nouns.
Adverbs used with gradable adjectives:
very, extremely, really, fairly, slightly, highly
Non-gradable: absolute adjectives:
- acceptable, dead, destroyed, finished, free, impossible,
- necessary, perfect, ruined, unacceptable
Non-gradable: extreme adjectives:
- amazing, ancient, awful, boiling, delicious,
- enormous, excellent, exhausted, fascinating,
- freezing, gorgeous, terrible, terrifying, tiny
Adverbs used with non-gradable adjectives
- absolutely, completely, entirely, really, totally
- utterly
Strong Collocations
Highly intelligent
Completely different
Terribly sorry
Deeply insecure
Nouns
31the Oct23
Topic: Modal verbs
Might/could
- past possibility which didn’t happen
We could/might have won the game but Martin didn’t score.
- expressing annoyance + at least
You could/might at least have apologised.
Might/may
- expressing concession – ‘chociaż’
He might/may be pretty but he’s quite dumb.
- suggest there is no better alternative + as well
I might as well go shopping. (I have nothing better to do)
I may as well tell you now. ( You are going to find out anyway)
Can
- theoretical possibility
This classroom can hold 50 people.
- criticism
She can say hurtful things sometimes.
Ability in the past
- general ability – could
When I was five I could ride a bike.
- on one occasion/situation – be able to
I managed/was able to solve the problem.
Other ways of expressing future possibility
A strong/distinct/real/ possibility
A good/ fair chance
Faint possibility
Remote/slight chance
It’s highly likely
It’s hardly likely
17.10.23
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