24.09.25
Topic: Future forms.
1.We use the present simple for something scheduled:
We have a lesson next Monday.
2.We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements:
I'm playing football tomorrow.
3. We use will (Future simple):
- when we express beliefs about the future: (I think, believe, hope, promise, be sure)
It will be a nice day tomorrow
- for spontaneous decisions
4. We use be going to:
- to talk about plans or intentions:
I'm going to drive to work today.
- to make predictions based on evidence we can see:
Be careful! You are going to fall. (= I can see that you might fall.)
5. We use Future Continuous for something happening in a specific time in the future:
I'll be working at eight o'clock. Can you come later?
6. We can use Future Continuous instead of the Present Continuous or be going to when we are talking about plans, arrangements and intentions:
They'll be coming to see us next week.
23.09.25
Topic: Dreams for the future – reading and vocabulary
applicant – a person who applies for the job
trainee – a person who trains at a job
personal statement – you write when you apply for university or a job
student loan – money you borrow so you can study
coursework – student’s work that is assessed
placement – a job you do to gain experience
module – a unit
curriculum - all subjects you learn (pl. curricula)
recruit – accept sb working for you
full-time job
well-paid job
17.09.25
Topic: Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
have/has + III forma czasownika
- to talk about a past event when the time is not given or unimportant
I’ve had breakfast and I’m not hungry.
- with expressions such as: already, just, yet, never, ever, for, since, recently, lately, so far
He has already had lunch.
Have you ever travelled to Africa?
I’ve known David for 10 years.
- with expression: it is the first/second time…
It’s the first time I’ve driven a car.
Present Perfect Continuous
have been/has been + ing form
- emphasise on duration (for/since)
He’s been writing this novel for ten years.
- activity or situation is incomplete
I’ve been reading an interesting book lately.
- suggest that an activity or situation is temporary (instead of Present Cont)
My bike is broken so I’ve been going to school by bus. (I’m going…)
- repetition
Zoe has been phoning you. (She has phoned you six times).
11.09.25
Topic: Past Perfect
Past perfect for the earlier of two past actions
The past perfect shows the earlier action and the past simple shows the later action.
When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
If there's only a single event, we don't use the past perfect, even if it happened a long time ago.
The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Romans had spoken
Latin.)
Adverbs used with Past Perfect:
already (= 'before the specified time')
still (= as previously)
ever (= 'at any time before the specified time')
never (= 'at no time before the specified time')
before
by the time
I called his office but
he'd already left.
It still hadn't rained at the
beginning of May.
It was the most beautiful photo I'd ever seen.
I'd never met anyone from California before I met
Jim.
They left before I'd spoken to them.
By the time I moved in, they had finished the building work.
It was the first/second time…
It was the first time I had been in Turkey.
09-10.09.25
Topic: Talking about the past: Past Simple and Past Continuous
1) Past Simple
- completed action that happened at a specific time in the past (with past time expression)
When we lived in New York, we had a bakery.
- habitual actions and behaviour in the past – (instead of used to/would)
Did you bite your nails when you were a child?
Once I played basketball a lot.
2) Past Continuous
- situations or action in progress at a specific moment in past
Yesterday in the afternoon I was reading a book.
- a past situation or action which was in progress when another action happened:
We were having breakfast when Mark called.
What were you doing when I came?
- repeated past actions that the speaker finds annoying (with always)
She was always complaing
04.09.25
Topic: Stative and dynamic verbs
Stative verbs ( not used in -ing form) often relate to:
- thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doubt, forget, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, suspect, think, understand
- feelings and emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
- senses and perceptions: appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste
- possession and measurement: belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh.
Verbs that are sometimes stative
think
I think it's
a good idea. - opinion
Wait a moment! I'm thinking. - actively processing thoughts
have
I have an old
car. (state – possession)
I'm
having a quick break. (action – having a break is an activity)
see
Do you see any
problems with that? (state – opinion)
We're
seeing Tadanari tomorrow afternoon. (action – we're meeting him)
be
He's so
interesting! (state – his permanent quality)
He's
being very unhelpful. (action – he is temporarily behaving this way)
taste
This coffee
tastes delicious. (state – our perception of the coffee)
Look!
The chef is tasting the soup. (action – tasting the soup is an activity)
Smell
Something smells bad (state – perception)
She is smelling the flowers (action – wąchąć)
Feel
I feel ok (state – czuć się)
He’s feeling the ground beneath him. (action – dotykać)
Hear
I hear you (state – perception)
She is hearing voices (action – she thinks she hears sth)
03.09.2025
Topic: Present Simple and Present Continuous
Present Simple:
I go to school.
She goes to school.
Lives watches studies has
Question: Do you go to school?
Does she go to school?
Negative: I don’t go to school.
She doesn’t go to school.
- Always, never, sometimes, often …
- Every day, Monday, year
Present Continuous:
I’m working
We are working
I’m not working
We aren’t working
Are you working?
Is he working?
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